In the standard penetrant classification, which removal method is designated Method C?
- Water washable
- Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic
- Solvent removable
- Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic
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C. Solvent removable
The methods are A water washable, B post-emulsifiable lipophilic, C solvent removable and D post-emulsifiable hydrophilic. Method C is the portable spray-can process most often used for field weld inspection.
Reference: ASTM E1417 and SAE AMS 2644, penetrant classification
What makes a Method A penetrant removable with plain water?
- It has a very low viscosity
- An emulsifier is blended into it
- It is applied over a wet developer
- A separate remover is sprayed on first
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B. An emulsifier is blended into it
Water-washable penetrant has the emulsifying agent built in, so a water spray lifts it directly. That convenience is also its weakness: it is the easiest penetrant to over-wash out of wide or shallow discontinuities.
Reference: ASTM E165, water-washable penetrants
Penetrant systems are graded by sensitivity level. Which level is the most sensitive?
- Level 1
- Level 4
- Level 1/2
- Level 2
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B. Level 4
Fluorescent penetrant sensitivity runs from Level 1/2 (very low) through Level 4 (ultra-high). Higher levels reveal finer discontinuities but also give more background on rough surfaces, so the highest level is not always the best choice.
Reference: SAE AMS 2644 and ASTM E1417, sensitivity levels